Neurorestorative Roles of Microgliosis and Astrogliosis in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration
Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi1*, Pere-Ebi Yabrade Toloyai2, Evelyn Tarela Ojugbeli2, Oyetola Tolulope Oyebanjo3, Oluwatosin Adefunke Adetuyi4, Chukwuemelie Zedech Uche5, Michael Chinedu Olisah6, Obinna Chukwuemeka Uchenna Adumanya7, Chukwudi Jude Chikwendu8, Johra Khan9,10, Muhammad Akram11, Chinaza Godswill Awuchi12, and Chukwuebuka Egbuna8,13
1Biochemistry Unit, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Precious Cornerstone University, Ibadan, Nigeria.
2Department of Medical Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, 330106,
3Department of Physiology, Babcock University, Ilishan, Ogun State, 121003.
4Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United State, 79430.
5Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria.
6Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State- 431124, Nigeria.
7Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Umuagwo, Imo State, Nigeria.
8Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State- 431124, Nigeria.
9Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia.
10Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia.
11Department of Eastern Medicines, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
12School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda.
13Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Weblink: https://doi.org/10.54117/sjmams.v1i1.1
Abstract
The pathophysiological processes involved in neurodegenerative diseases have not been clearly defined. Nevertheless, a significant aspect of the proof focuses directly on the function of several mechanisms of inflammation. The immune system is represented in the central nervous system by the microglial cell capable of detecting harmful or foreign pathogens, and thus initiates self-activation and neuro-inflammatory processes via phagocytosis and cytokines release, to maintain the cellular microenvironment. Then, microglial cells can spawn an emphasis on persistent inflammation that sometimes precedes or promote the neurodegenerative processes. Hence, the neuro-inflammatory micro-environment turns toxic and damaging to the neuronal cell, leading to degeneration and release of several factors which trigger an inflammatory reaction of the microglia, activating the neurodegenerative cycle. The biomechanical properties of the brain, neuronal regeneration, and plasticity can be modified by reactive gliosis. Defining the inception and development of reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis is vital for better clinical treatments design.
Keywords: Microglia, Astrogliosis, Neurodegeneration, Inflammation, Neurorestoration
*Corresponding author: badetuyi@pcu.edu.ng; Phone: +2348162460972